Exculpatory-No Doctrine

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Brogan v. United States; A "false statement" under 18 U.S.C. § 1001 includes any false statement knowingly and willfully made within the jurisdiction of a federal agency, encompassing even a mere false denial of criminal wrongdoing.

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Atkins v. Virginia

Execution of mentally retarded person is unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment. deterence; retribution.

State v. Leidholm

battered-woman syndrome. In claim of self-defense, defendant conduct is evaluated according to what she in good faith honestly believed and had reasonable ground believe necessary protect defendant from death or great bodily injury.

Commonwealth v. Fischer

Reasonable mistake of fact regarding a victim's consent is not a defense to a rape charge. Mens rea.

State v. Guthrie

First Degree Murder; intent to kill must last for more than an instant; murder in the first degree consists of an intentional, deliberate, and premeditated killing, which means that the killing occurs after a period of time of prior consideration.

Latimer v. The Queen

Mercy killing is murder; for defense of necessity to apply, there must be an urgent situation of clear and imminent peril, no reasonable legal alternative to disobeying the law, and proportionality between the harm inflicted and the harm avoided.

Juvenile Court Reasonable Doubt

In Re Winship, In juvenile court, guilt of criminal charges must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

Inmates of Attica Correctional Facility v. Rockefeller

Selective prosecution, courts are reluctant to interfere with prosecutorial discretion.

Ewing v. California

Three strikes law, Eighth Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment, deterrence, proportionality, recidivism, rehabilitation.

Knowingly Commit Each Element of Offense

Flores-Figueroa v. United States; Courts ordinarily read a phrase in a criminal statute that introduces the elements of a crime with the word "knowingly" as applying that word to each element of the offense; identity theft.

Insanity May Be Proved By Perponderance Of The Evidence

Perez v. Cain; In a federal habeas proceeding, the standard is whether, after viewing evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

Discipline or Child Abuse

Willis v. State; parent has fundamental right to direct his or her child's upbringing, which includes the right to use reasonable or moderate physical force to control the child's behavior.

Viability Standard for Fetus

Keeler v. Superior Court; viability of the embryo was not the standard for human being in California in the 1970's.

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Exculpatory-No Doctrine

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